He implied that Russia might launch a nuclear response if Ukraine obtained and used these long-range missiles against targets on Russian territory.
"The supply of such missiles could end badly for everyone. First of all, for Trump," Medvedev wrote on his Telegram channel.
This came after the American president repeated his threat to supply Tomahawk missiles to Ukraine if Russia did not agree to end the war.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov later confirmed Medvedev's words, stating that supplying these weapons to Ukraine poses a risk of further escalation.
This is because US specialists are supposed to help Ukraine launch missiles at targets in Russia.
"Everyone with at least a minimal understanding of this issue knows that American experts would have contributed to the use of such missiles," Peskov claimed.
On Sunday, Trump said he might consider sending Tomahawk missiles to Ukraine if Russia continued the war.
He also hinted that he would personally warn Russian President Vladimir Putin if he decided to supply these weapons.
The US president said that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky had requested these long-range missiles in a phone call the day before.
Last week, Putin warned that Russia would strengthen its air defense systems if the US decided to supply Tomahawk missiles to Ukraine.
He also called Zelensky a"demonstrator" who is intimidating by threatening to use these weapons against targets on Russian territory.